如何列出在Ubuntu 16.04上安装的所有软件包

在生产环境中, 你将需要在服务器上安装许多组件, 以确保你的应用正常运行。可惜的是, 在已经安装了某个组件的情况下运行某些组件的install命令可能会导致该组件的配置错误, 因此你的应用程序可能无法按预期运行。

最简单的解决方案是在安装甚至升级之前, 先了解系统上已安装了哪些软件包。你可以在Ubuntu 16.04中使用以下命令轻松完成此操作：

apt list --installed

这将生成详细输出, 并在终端上显示已安装软件包的列表：

Listing... Done
accountsservice/xenial-updates, now 0.6.40-2ubuntu11.3 amd64 [installed]
acl/xenial, now 2.2.52-3 amd64 [installed]
acpid/xenial, now 1:2.0.26-1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
adduser/xenial, xenial, now 3.113+nmu3ubuntu4 all [installed]
ansible/xenial, xenial, now 2.6.0-1ppa~xenial all [installed]
ant/xenial, xenial, now 1.9.6-1ubuntu1 all [installed]
ant-optional/xenial, xenial, now 1.9.6-1ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]
apache2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]
apache2-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]
apache2-data/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 all [installed, automatic]
apache2-utils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]
apparmor/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]
apport/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.18 all [installed]
apport-symptoms/xenial, xenial, now 0.20 all [installed]
apt/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]
apt-transport-https/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]
apt-utils/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]
aptitude/xenial, now 0.7.4-2ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
aptitude-common/xenial, xenial, now 0.7.4-2ubuntu2 all [installed, automatic]
at/xenial, now 3.1.18-2ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
base-files/xenial-updates, now 9.4ubuntu4.6 amd64 [installed]
base-passwd/xenial, now 3.5.39 amd64 [installed]
bash/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 4.3-14ubuntu1.2 amd64 [installed]
bash-completion/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:2.1-4.2ubuntu1.1 all [installed]
bcache-tools/xenial, now 1.0.8-2 amd64 [installed]
bind9-host/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]
binutils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.26.1-1ubuntu1~16.04.6 amd64 [installed, automatic]
bsdmainutils/xenial, now 9.0.6ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]
bsdutils/xenial-updates, now 1:2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]
btrfs-tools/xenial-updates, now 4.4-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
build-essential/xenial, now 12.1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
busybox-initramfs/xenial, now 1:1.22.0-15ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
busybox-static/xenial, now 1:1.22.0-15ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
byobu/xenial, xenial, now 5.106-0ubuntu1 all [installed]
bzip2/xenial, now 1.0.6-8 amd64 [installed]
ca-certificates/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 20170717~16.04.1 all [installed]
ca-certificates-java/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 20160321ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]
cloud-guest-utils/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27-0ubuntu25.1 all [installed]
cloud-initramfs-copymods/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27ubuntu1.5 all [installed]
cloud-initramfs-dyn-netconf/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27ubuntu1.5 all [installed]
console-setup/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]
console-setup-linux/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]
coreutils/xenial-updates, now 8.25-2ubuntu3~16.04 amd64 [installed]
cpio/xenial, now 2.11+dfsg-5ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
cpp/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
cpp-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
crda/xenial, now 3.13-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
cron/xenial, now 3.0pl1-128ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
cryptsetup/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]
cryptsetup-bin/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]
curl/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed]
dash/xenial, now 0.5.8-2.1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
dbus/xenial-updates, now 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.3 amd64 [installed]
debconf/xenial, xenial, now 1.5.58ubuntu1 all [installed]
debconf-i18n/xenial, xenial, now 1.5.58ubuntu1 all [installed]
debianutils/xenial, now 4.7 amd64 [installed]
default-jre-headless/xenial, now 2:1.8-56ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
dh-python/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.20151103ubuntu1.1 all [installed]
diffutils/xenial, now 1:3.3-3 amd64 [installed]
distro-info-data/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 0.28ubuntu0.8 all [installed]
dkms/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.2.0.3-2ubuntu11.5 all [installed]
dmeventd/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
dmidecode/xenial-updates, now 3.0-2ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]
dmsetup/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
dns-root-data/xenial, xenial, now 2015052300+h+1 all [installed]
dnsmasq-base/xenial-updates, now 2.75-1ubuntu0.16.04.4 amd64 [installed]
dnsutils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]
dosfstools/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 3.0.28-2ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]
dpkg/xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]
dpkg-dev/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 all [installed, automatic]
e2fslibs/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
e2fsprogs/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
ed/xenial, now 1.10-2 amd64 [installed]
eject/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.5+deb1+cvs20081104-13.1ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
ethtool/xenial, now 1:4.5-1 amd64 [installed]
fakeroot/xenial, now 1.20.2-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
file/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:5.25-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 [installed]
findutils/xenial, now 4.6.0+git+20160126-2 amd64 [installed]
fontconfig-config/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.11.94-0ubuntu1.1 all [installed, automatic]
fonts-dejavu-core/xenial, xenial, now 2.35-1 all [installed, automatic]
ftp/xenial, now 0.17-33 amd64 [installed]
fuse/xenial-updates, now 2.9.4-1ubuntu3.1 amd64 [installed]
g++/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
g++-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
gawk/xenial, now 1:4.1.3+dfsg-0.1 amd64 [installed]
gcc/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
gcc-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
gcc-5-base/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed]
gcc-6-base/xenial, now 6.0.1-0ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
geoip-database/xenial, xenial, now 20160408-1 all [installed]
gettext-base/xenial, now 0.19.7-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]
gir1.2-glib-2.0/xenial, now 1.46.0-3ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
git/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:2.7.4-0ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]
git-man/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 1:2.7.4-0ubuntu1.4 all [installed]
gnupg/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.4.20-1ubuntu3.2 amd64 [installed]
gpgv/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.4.20-1ubuntu3.2 amd64 [installed]
grep/xenial-updates, now 2.25-1~16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
groff-base/xenial, now 1.22.3-7 amd64 [installed]
grub-common/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed]
grub-gfxpayload-lists/xenial, now 0.7 amd64 [installed, automatic]
grub-legacy-ec2/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 18.2-4-g05926e48-0ubuntu1~16.04.2 all [installed]
grub-pc/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed]
grub-pc-bin/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed, automatic]
grub2-common/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed, automatic]
gyp/xenial, xenial, now 0.1+20150913git1f374df9-1ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]
gzip/xenial, now 1.6-4ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
hdparm/xenial-updates, now 9.48+ds-1ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]
hostname/xenial, now 3.16ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
htop/xenial-updates, now 2.0.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
ifenslave/xenial, xenial, now 2.7ubuntu1 all [installed]
ifupdown/xenial-updates, now 0.8.10ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]
info/xenial, now 6.1.0.dfsg.1-5 amd64 [installed]
init/xenial-updates, now 1.29ubuntu4 amd64 [installed]
init-system-helpers/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.29ubuntu4 all [installed]
initramfs-tools/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 all [installed]
initramfs-tools-bin/xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 amd64 [installed]
initramfs-tools-core/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 all [installed]
initscripts/xenial, now 2.88dsf-59.3ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
insserv/xenial, now 1.14.0-5ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]
install-info/xenial, now 6.1.0.dfsg.1-5 amd64 [installed]
iproute2/xenial-updates, now 4.3.0-1ubuntu3.16.04.3 amd64 [installed]
iptables/xenial, now 1.6.0-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]
iputils-ping/xenial, now 3:20121221-5ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
iputils-tracepath/xenial, now 3:20121221-5ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]
irqbalance/xenial, now 1.1.0-2ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
isc-dhcp-client/xenial-updates, now 4.3.3-5ubuntu12.10 amd64 [installed]
isc-dhcp-common/xenial-updates, now 4.3.3-5ubuntu12.10 amd64 [installed]
iso-codes/xenial, xenial, now 3.65-1 all [installed, automatic]
iw/xenial, now 3.17-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
java-common/xenial, xenial, now 0.56ubuntu2 all [installed, automatic]
javascript-common/xenial, xenial, now 11 all [installed, automatic]
kbd/xenial-updates, now 1.15.5-1ubuntu5 amd64 [installed]
keyboard-configuration/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]
keyutils/xenial, now 1.5.9-8ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
klibc-utils/xenial-updates, now 2.0.4-8ubuntu1.16.04.4 amd64 [installed]
kmod/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 22-1ubuntu5 amd64 [installed]
krb5-locales/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.13.2+dfsg-5ubuntu2 all [installed]
language-pack-en/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20161009 all [installed]
language-pack-en-base/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20160627 all [installed, automatic]
language-pack-gnome-en/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20161009 all [installed]
language-pack-gnome-en-base/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20160627 all [installed, automatic]
language-selector-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.165.4 all [installed]
less/xenial-updates, now 481-2.1ubuntu0.2 amd64 [installed]
libaccountsservice0/xenial-updates, now 0.6.40-2ubuntu11.3 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libacl1/xenial, now 2.2.52-3 amd64 [installed]
libaio1/xenial, now 0.3.110-2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libalgorithm-diff-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1.19.03-1 all [installed, automatic]
libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl/xenial, now 0.04-4build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libalgorithm-merge-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.08-3 all [installed, automatic]
libapache2-mod-php5.6/xenial, now 5.6.36-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]
libapache2-mod-php7.0/xenial, now 7.0.30-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]
libapache2-mod-php7.1/xenial, now 7.1.18-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]
libapache2-mod-php7.2/xenial, now 7.2.7-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]
libapparmor-perl/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]
libapparmor1/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]
libapr1/xenial, now 1.5.2-3 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libaprutil1/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libaprutil1-ldap/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libapt-inst2.0/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]
libapt-pkg5.0/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]
libargon2-0/xenial, now 0~20161029-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libasan2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libasn1-8-heimdal/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.7~git20150920+dfsg-4ubuntu1.16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libasprintf0v5/xenial, now 0.19.7-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libatm1/xenial, now 1:2.5.1-1.5 amd64 [installed]
libatomic1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libattr1/xenial, now 1:2.4.47-2 amd64 [installed]
libaudit-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:2.4.5-1ubuntu2.1 all [installed]
libaudit1/xenial-updates, now 1:2.4.5-1ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]
libavahi-client3/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libavahi-common-data/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libavahi-common3/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libbind9-140/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libblkid1/xenial-updates, now 2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]
libboost-iostreams1.58.0/xenial-updates, now 1.58.0+dfsg-5ubuntu3.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libbsd0/xenial, now 0.8.2-1 amd64 [installed]
libbz2-1.0/xenial, now 1.0.6-8 amd64 [installed]
libc-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
libc-dev-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libc6/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
libc6-dev/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcap-ng0/xenial, now 0.7.7-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcap2/xenial, now 1:2.24-12 amd64 [installed]
libcap2-bin/xenial, now 1:2.24-12 amd64 [installed]
libcc1-0/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcgi-fast-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1:2.10-1 all [installed, automatic]
libcgi-pm-perl/xenial, xenial, now 4.26-1 all [installed, automatic]
libcilkrts5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libclass-accessor-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.34-1 all [installed, automatic]
libcomerr2/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
libcryptsetup4/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]
libcups2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.3-4ubuntu0.4 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcurl3/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcurl3-gnutls/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libcwidget3v5/xenial, now 0.5.17-4ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libdb5.3/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.3.28-11ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]
libdbus-1-3/xenial-updates, now 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.3 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libdbus-glib-1-2/xenial, now 0.106-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libdebconfclient0/xenial, now 0.198ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]
libdevmapper-event1.02.1/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
libdevmapper1.02.1/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]
libdns-export162/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]
libdns162/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libdpkg-perl/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 all [installed, automatic]
libdrm-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.4.83-1~16.04.1 all [installed, automatic]
libdrm2/xenial-updates, now 2.4.83-1~16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libdumbnet1/xenial, now 1.12-7 amd64 [installed]
libedit2/xenial, now 3.1-20150325-1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libelf1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 0.165-3ubuntu1.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libencode-locale-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1.05-1 all [installed, automatic]
liberror-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.17-1.2 all [installed]
libestr0/xenial, now 0.1.10-1 amd64 [installed]
libevent-2.0-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.0.21-stable-2ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]
libevent-core-2.0-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.0.21-stable-2ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libexpat1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.0-7ubuntu0.16.04.3 amd64 [installed]
libfakeroot/xenial, now 1.20.2-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libfcgi-perl/xenial, now 0.77-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]
libfdisk1/xenial-updates, now 2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]
libffi6/xenial, now 3.2.1-4 amd64 [installed]

根据此输出, 你将能够安装或升级所需的内容, 而不会进行任何错误配置。

编码愉快！